Alternative Dispute Resolution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Alternative Dispute Resolution - Research Paper Example In clearer terms, ADR refers to the processes of solving disputes outside the judicial process or formal litigation. In fact, the judicial system/process is currently encouraging and requiring conflicting parties to utilize the Alternative Dispute Resolution processes, particularly mediation, prior to taking such cases before a court of law. There are four other main types of Alternative Dispute Resolution namely negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and collaborative law (Lynch, P. 213). In fact, conciliation has also considered a type of Alternative Dispute Resolution. Except in negotiation, all the other categories of Alternative Dispute Resolution involve the presence of a neutral person who provides fair opinions while facilitating or making a decision in ADR processes. However, the collaborative law processes such as collaborative divorce require both parties to have counsels who are experts at following the details of the contracts or terms involved such issues. Among the dispu tes or conflicts in which ADR techniques have been particularly useful include family matters such as divorce, professional liability disputes, insurance issues/disputes, and personal injury situations. There are several advantages for which the use of Alternative Dispute Resolution has become prominent in recent times. These advantages include more efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and greater satisfaction for all parties involved. In fact, great deals of civil cases such as marital dissolutions have been settled using Alternative Dispute Resolution techniques (Lynch, P. 213). Due to the recognized effectiveness of ADR as a tool for dispute resolution, judicial systems world over have adopted the practice of providing conflicting parties and their lawyers with information about and the option of ADR, more so in civil cases. Advantages and Disadvantages of Alternative Dispute Resolution The current trend of increased usage of Alternative Dispute Resolution techniques stems from the ma ny advantages that arise from their use. The first among the advantages of ADR is the fact that far less time is consumed in solving disputes in cases where ADR, rather than litigation is applied. ADR also usually costs less in monitory terms compared to litigations. Moreover, ADR techniques such as arbitration have more flexibility in the choice and the application of the relevant rules to their disputes. For instance, one may choose to apply industrial standards, religious laws, foreign/international laws, domestic laws, and any unique set of standards/rules for ADR processes such as negotiation, mediation, conciliation, or arbitration. Importantly, the disputing parties are in a position to use the services of experts in the relevant fields. The other advantage of ADR over litigation is that more time is also wasted in litigation since judges and juries have to be educated on the technical terms and aspects of cases that involve complicated and technical issues that are not prope rly understood by laymen. In fact, it is only after this kind of education that judges and juries may make informed and fair decisions.  Ã‚  

Checks And Balances Essay Example for Free

Checks And Balances Essay When the Framers of the Constitution set out to create a government, they made sure that one of the fundamental principles underlining the government would be the separation of powers. This separation of powers outlines the numerous powers and functions of the government by dividing them into separate independent levels and branches of the federal government. The Founders believed that by creating separate branches of government, it would help limit the powers of the national government and prevent tyranny. Therefore, the legislative branch has power, under the Constitution, to make laws. The executive branch, headed by the President, executes or carries out laws. Last but not least, the Constitution established the Supreme Court to head the judicial branch, which interprets and applies the law in federal court cases. Read more: How does federalism prevent tyranny essay The principle of separation of powers, as implemented in drafting the Constitution, was based on several values generally held: the separation of government into three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial; the idea that each branch performs its own unique and identifiable functions that are appropriate to each; and the limitation of the personnel of each branch to that branch, so that no one person or group should be able to serve in more than one branch simultaneously. Since the judicial, executive, and legislative branch of the government all held power, the framers began to develop a system of checks and balances to guarantee that governmental power would not be conducted in an abusive manner. However, the constitution went much further than the mere separation of powers. It also established an elaborate system of checks and balances. The framers believed that in order to steer clear of a monarchy such as the one they had been used to under Britain’s rule, they would have to come up with a system of checks and balances which still prevails to this day. By implementating this system of checks and balances, they would ensure that each branch would prevent the other from abusing their powers. This theory of checks and balances began from the underlying idea of separations of power. Madison and the other Framers considered separation of powers essential in order to avoid a tyranny. The framers came to the conclusions that there was a desperate need for the Constitution to execute a set of checks and balances. Under this system, each branch has the obligation and power to make  decisions on certain issues. However, each branch will still require voluntary support from the other branches if its initiatives are to be successfully implemented. By successfully separating the power that each branch holds, the framers would be able to guarantee a practical balance of power amongst the different branches of government. The operation of checks and balances in the federal government is spelled out in the Constitution. The two houses of Congress legislate separately, and this legislation is subject to presidential veto; however, Congress, by a two-thirds vote of each house, can override a presidential veto. The judicial branch, in determining cases, may declare legislation unconstitutional, but the judiciary itself is subject to executive and legislative checking through the appointment of judges and the passage of legislation governing organization, procedure, and jurisdiction of the courts. There also is a possibility of amendment of the Constitution to reverse judicial determinations. Other constitutional checks are the possible legislative removal of the president and of judges by impeachment as well as approval by the Senate of treaties and major presidential appointments. From this we can conclude that the Framers implemented this system of checks and balances because it was viewed as extremely necessary in maintaining a balance of power among elected officials. It would prevent any one particular group from obtaining a majority influence is essential when having a government that is ruled by the people. Checks and balances and the separation of powers are vital mechanisms to ensure the smooth running of democracy. This complex system is extremely necessary in a democratic system because it promotes equality. Equality is the foundation of a democracy and the purpose of American independence. The goal of American politics is to have a government that is successfully ruled in the interest of the people. To have our countries leaders immune to the same laws that they pass for the citizens contradicts the very democracy that they uphold. Checks and balances function to guarantee that no one body or group of people ever are able to have so much power that they are able to unreasonably influence the legal system or law making of a country. Ensuring that any new law has to go through a system of intense scrutiny, for example, is one way of helping to ensure the long and successful life of democracy. I think something often overlooked in the United States government and the checks and balances  provided for by the founding fathers is the people. The final check and balance is the American public who can vote individuals into or out of political positions. It paves way to democracy because voters are given the power to elect official out of office if they are not doing their job. There are also critics who are against the separation of powers and checks and balances concepts. They pointed out that such arrangements make policy making more cumbersome and time consuming than it needs to be and that in fact it can result easily in a deadlock in which government is unable to take any action at all. Moreover, it is also said to be undemocratic, in that it places barriers to the absolute power of the majority to determine public policy by imposing on majorities the need to bargain with minorities that have managed to gain disproportionate influence on one or another branch or level of the federal system of multiple governmental institutions. For these reasons, political thinkers who see government as the primary instrumentality for the community to successfully combat or adjust to an on-going series of emergencies that have no other possible remedy tend to be very suspicious of such decentralized power arrangements. On the other hand, political thinkers that see society and the economy as largely self-regulating organisms that need relatively little in the way of new policy initiatives from government for their successful functioning tend to take a more favorable view of checks and balances. The press has also been described as the fourth check on power because of its considerable influence over public opinion in which it exercise by widely distributing facts and opinions about the various branches of government. Public opinion in turn affects the outcome of elections, as well as indirectly influencing the branches of government by, for example, expressing public sentiment with respect to pending legislation. An example of the press checking abuses of power was Watergate scandal; where two Washington Post reporters exposed government corruption and cover-up at the highest levels. This exposure caused many individuals to resign, be fired, or prosecuted. The impact of Watergate on American Politics was felt on multiple levels. The most elemental of these was how the news media evolved into the fourth check on the government. From Watergate, politicians understood that the media could be strong enough to bring down a government. Essentially, Woodward and Bernsteins reporting took down a sitting President. Through Watergate, the  office of the President, and all politicians, understood the power of the media. Another impact of Watergate was that it was living proof that no politician could operate for a prolonged period of time above the law. Power could not save President Nixon and his cabinet from facing impeachment, and eventual resignation/ prison terms. The Constitutions belief of equality before the law was affirmed through Watergate. The last impact of Watergate was that politicians understood the value of judicious conduct.

Responsibilities Of The Network Engineer Information Technology Essay

Responsibilities Of The Network Engineer Information Technology Essay A computer network is a combination of the two or more hardware deceives and with the compatible software which allows the communication between these devices such as data and voice, video etc. Next section going to deal with the Hardware used to build the network Transmission Medium: This is used to connect the transmitter and receiver. It may be guided and unguided medium. Guided Medium: In this type capacity based on the bandwidth rate and the distance it has to cover and type of the link ex: point to point or Multipoint There are four transmissions medium: Twisted-pair Cable: These are the most commonly used media generally uses RJ-45 plug. Twisted-pair contains the 4 insulated copper wires and twisted. The twisting pair reduces the effect of the Electromagnetic waves. Twisted pairs restricted in terms of data rate and distance EX: requires amplifiers every 5-6 km for analog signals and 2-3 km for digital signals. These are again divided in to two types called shielded and UN-shielded twisted-pair. STP cables are covered by an additional shield which makes more robust and reduces the electromagnetic interference Coaxial cable: consist of two conductors one is inner conductor and other one is shield which is generally metal foil surrounded by the inner conductor with the diameters of 1 to 2.5cm . Outer shield used to reduce the interference and cross talk. These cover more distance than twisted-pair. Generally use in cable TV and to cover long distance telephone lines. It can carry both analog and digital data, supports up to 10000 voice data using FDM. Optical Fiber cable: Fiber optic technology uses the light to transmit the data. It has begun in1970s. Fiber technology uses allows higher bandwidth thats the reason used between the central offices which needs to carry high volumes of voice traffic where copper wire provides limited distance and bandwidth. Optical fiber cable carry thousands time more data than twisted pair , lightweight, low loss of signal, higher reliable and it doesnt generate the EMI so it is difficult to breach .optical fiber cable consist core and coating buffer, outerjacker, cladding . Core is the part which carrys the light and which is made of silica and Germanic and the cladding which covers core and is made of silica only cladding has reflective characteristic so which will help the light be in the core . Fiber is two types single and multi-mode .buffer help to protect the core and cladding act as shock absorbent and strength member help to protect from installation damages and outer jacket is for environment protect Single Mode Fiber Multimode Fiber Width of core Very thin(8 to 10microns) and allows straight line light passing Light travels in several paths core width is 50 to 65 microns Bandwidth Higher Lower Quality Higher Lower Application Longer distance transmission Short distance transmission Routers: A router is device which divides the network into two parts. The different port of the router comes under different networks. A router is specialized device which routes the packets from the source to destination and also used to connect the different LANS. Routers works on the Network Layer which is the 3rd layer of the OSI model since it uses the logical address (IP address) to do routing decisions, whenever a packet arrives from the data links layer to one of the port in router then router unwrap the data link layer header and attaches the new header to transmit it out. Every router contains the hardware and network operating system. The hardware consisted of Routing processor, ROM, RAM, FLASH Memory and input and output ports, NVRAM, Other interfaces. CPU work along with the routing protocols and creates forwarding tables which is used in transferring the packets to the destination. Input and output interfaces are the physical links which deals with the incoming and outgoing pack ets generally these are RJ-45 ports and other interfaces such as AUX port and console ports. Console port is used to configure the router which is necessary because router is not zero configuration device. RAM and ROM as same functionality like in normal computers, flash holds the image of the IOS. AUX port is used to connect router from remote access. HUB: An Ethernet Hub is device for connecting multiple wires (twisted pair, fiber) to connect multiple devices into a single network. Hubs works at layer1 of the OSI model. Hub works at hardware level it receives packets on one port and broadcast to all other ports. If more than couple of devices tries to transfer the data at a time a collision will occur. All the devices which are connected to the hub come under same collision domain. Hubs are two types i.e. passive, active and intelligent. UN-managed are just a hardware just broadcast the incoming signal. Where managed hubs are configured using workstation. SWITCH: A switch is small hardware device which joints multiple nodes together with in a local area network divides into logical pieces. Switch operates at data link layer (layer 2) OSI model. Switches are similar to hubs but more intelligence than the hub. Switches works on layer 2 so it can interpret the data packets and analyze and send it to appropriate port which leads to destination. Switch consumes the bandwidth and offers the better performance than the hub. Some modern switches operate at layer 3 and layer 4 as well. Each node which is connected to switch gets dedicated link. Switches can provide better security by providing different collision domain means it separate the one port traffic to another port traffic. Switches classified based on the switching it use: 1. Cut-through mode 2. Store and forward mode Hosts: Hosts are generally the end devices to which the services are being served or services are being taken. End devices are the interface between the user and the network to utilize the services ex: computers, servers, printers, cameras, VOIP phones, and any mobile hand held devices. A server is normal computer or high-end device which provides one or more service over the network where client is another end who request the service. There are several types of servers available. Application, chat server, ftp, mail, proxy servers etc. there are many server software available outside for Ex: Tomcat, Microsoft, IBM HTTP server etc web server has main three computers. Generally server hardware is high end hardware devices and fast processing capable and this system must be robust from the damages and end computers are just desktop of laptops which is used to access the internet and to do the personal work and it can access the server with the specified set of rules, VOIP telephones one of the emerging technology cheaper and faster than normal telephones(PBX).which uses the data network as the m edium and any one can make the call to anyone around the world with the cheaper price and better in quality OSI Model: OSI model is tool from the international organization for standardization which divides the data communication into small parts (Layers). Each layer has its own and unique functionality from other layers and each layer provides service to another layer which is directly connected the bottom three layers operate to send the data from end to end system. The above four layers process the at the end device mostly (software work) OSI model divides the communication into manageable chunks so every function is specific to the concern layer without OSI model its hard to mange network functions in this section going to discus about the Data Link layer and Transport Layer and Network Layer Network Layer: This provides the end to end logical connection the main functionality of this layer is route handling and data transmission preparation. This layer provides communication with the transport and data-link layer. It encapsulates the data received from the Transport layer and which is called protocol data units and management the connection between the networks. There are several protocols which operate on network layer Ex: IP, ICMP etc Internet is the principle protocol used to send the data-grams across the network. This is responsible for routing the packets across the network and provides the many functions to send the data grams to the end device Network Performance: Performance of the network depends on the various factors such as channel capacity, utilization, delay in case of real-time applications and packet loss and conjunction etc Performance metrics various are two types based on system and service. System performance based on the memory, processor utilization, load and Input/output waiting time etc Services performance depends on the Delay, Availability etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Performance Enhancements: The router plays very important role routing the packets. Router determines the next hope address forward the traffic then a question raises that which part of the router affects the performance some people says that software and some people says hard ware but performance depend on the both because as the software works well but hardware havent got the proper resources to run that its also decreases the performance another side resources available but not utilized properly, also decreases the performance When comes to the routing is the process of the router and this process happens in the physical, data link and network layers IP: Routing protocols works at layer three and next hope will be counted at every router and routing is only is based on the destination address without the concern of the routing protocols. MPLS reduces the routing look-up and also need not run a specific protocol on every router. MPLS forwards the packets based on the label. When comes to the IP networks every router decides the next hope address but when comes to the MPLS only edge routers perform the routing look-up core routers sends the packets based on the simple label. When comes to the MPLS layer 2 devices run a layer 3 routing protocol and establish the virtual circuits dynamically so this provides a virtual full mesh topology IN MPLS only routing look up will be done at edge router means packets processed through the three layers only on edge routers after that the routing will be performed only on the basis of the simple labels attached also provides different forwarding techniques in MPLS forwarding can be done on QOS etc . MPLS with Traffic engineering gives much more performance than the IP based traffic engineering or policy based routing Hardware Resource Utilization: Resource issues such as and RAM and CPU and IOS configuration also effects the resource utilization and the bandwidth management is also effects the cables and as well bad circuits. Like PC routers have CPU and RAM extra hardware at the peak time all the router resources will be utilized to the maximum there are some tools which are available to monitor the CPU and interfaces always other than these we can improve the performance. By changing the switching that is used by the router. Generally the default buffer size of the router will be optimized concerning all applications but sometimes need to change when comes to the delay sensitive applications need small buffer size. Disable all the unnecessary applications which run in the back ground and the routing tables has grown up every day using the summarization and turning off the default routing. To resolve the bandwidth problems with the traffic management this is called quality of service, stopping the unwanted traffic also gives the better performance. Some commands available in default Ex: Show Memory Dead which shows the memory usage such as free memory, memory failure allocation command shows the Memory allocation failures Career in Networking: Career in networking is challenging because every day because its dynamic in nature every day new connections will be added so the network size increases data transfer rate will increase and task of maintaining the network increases. Now a days every one using the network starting from web browsing to data transfer. Comparing to software developers network manager has difficult task because it has to connect various number of resources every resource has privileges and connecting this resources not makes the network some other factors need to consider such as security, stability and reliability. Network manager should provide the best protocols that cant affect the performance of the network Day to Day Tasks: 1. Handle the maintenance tasks. 2. Upgrade the systems software. 3. Check the hardware and software. 4. Monitor the antivirus Expectation from the Manager: 1. Provide training on latest technologies. 2. Discuss daily tasks which were done. 3. Good guidance and knowledge Responsible for installing and managing of networks. This includes installing and maintenance of the network. Future steps to extend the network organization. Monitoring the user activities in the network providing the security to emails, accounts and passwords etc. Able to analyze the network faults from major errors to minor errors. Can able to redesign or modify the network, backups etc.. Conclusion: In this fast changing world, communication is important is important daily life. Lot of advancements has been taken place in the connectivity to have better communication and advancements in standards without exceptions. In this paper i have explained the various hardware and software which has the greatest impact on the networks and the improvements which can optimize the network performance in case of hardware and software and also explained the careers and opportunities in the networking

Romeo And Juliet - The Role Of Love :: essays research papers

The modern literature community recognizes Shakespeare as one of the most brilliant minds in the history of dramatic theatre. His unmatched ability to represent human behavior and emotion makes the love in Romeo and Juliet the driving force behind the play's success. Shakespeare incorporated many different types of love in order to capture the hearts of the Elizabeth Era. Juliet's nurse shows amazing concern for the young girl's well being. She, in some ways, takes the place of her natural mother ("Examples of Love in Romeo and Juliet"). Lady Capulet treated Juliet as a naïve young girl with no knowledge and feelings of her own. Nurse recognized the maturity of Juliet and helped to make her truly content. During the entire traumatic experience of arranging a marriage between Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet, the nurse aided the two young lovers in their quest to be together. She acts as a messenger from Romeo, Juliet, and the friar ("Examples of Love in Romeo and Juliet"). Despite the nurse's efforts the plans go array because of the arranged marriage between Juliet and Paris. At this time, the nurse shows her love for Juliet once again. She goes to Juliet's defense and stands up to Lord Capulet by saying: "God in heaven bless her!/ You are to blame, my lord, to rate her so."(Act III, Scene 5, Line169-170). One is easily able to see the motherly care the nurse shows for Juliet in Romeo and Juliet. The counterpart to the love nurse displays for Juliet as a "mother" is the fatherly love the Friar gives to Romeo. The prince exiles Romeo because of his murder of Tybalt. This leaves the young man alone and scared of his future. The only person available to aid Romeo in his sufferings is the Friar. He tells the fugitive "Arise, one knocks/ Good Romeo, hide thyself" (Act III, Scene 3, Line 71). This shows that Friar puts himself at risk in order to make certain no harm comes to Romeo He provides insight to the situation at hand and helps Romeo to see the next course of action. Another example of fatherly love was shown through Lord Capulet to Juliet. He saw that his daughter was in great grief over the death of Tybalt and the exile of her love Romeo. He lovingly tries to ease her remorse by finding a husband for Juliet. He presents the arrangement in an attempt to lighten the spirits of his daughter:

Water: an Overlooked Essential Nutrient

Water: An Overlooked Essential Nutrient| Presented by: Your Name | Today I am discussing the importance of water to encourage this office to provide water as the main beverage choice in this office. Water maintains body temperature, maintains blood volume, blood pressure and supports all cell functions. (Cherif, et al. , 2010)Water is a valuable resource even in an office environment. You may not realize that an air-conditioned office is a very dry environment and will deplete your body of water. Working long hours can cause mild dehydration that will affect mental responses.The brain is 80% water. Loss of water will affect concentration and memory. Dehydration can cause headaches, tiredness and loss of concentration, affecting alertness. (European Hydration Institute)No other drink is as affective in hydrating the body like water. Gatorade and Powerade both have high levels of added sugar and salt. These should only be added to water for athletes, extreme heat situations or a sick p erson. | Daily Recommendations Experts vary on just how much water is required for daily hydration. The Institute of Medicine determined that an adequate intake (AI) for men is roughly 3 liters (about 13 cups) of total beverages a day. The AI for women is 2. 2 liters (about 9 cups) of total beverages a day.† However, most agree that eight 8 ounce glasses a day is an appropriate daily intake. ( Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER), 2011) Gatorade and Powerade are both sports drinks and they have no daily recommendation. They are designed for â€Å"critical fuel during relatively intense (more than 60% of maximal effort) exercise bouts lasting more than 1 hour. (Cherif, et al. , 2010, p. 299) Both Gatorade and Powerade have no evidence of providing a benefit to those who are not exercising. In fact the only affect they seem to have on an un-athletic person is weight gain. (p. 301) Nutrient Content The content of 8 ounces of bottled water includes 23. 7mg o f Calcium, 4. 7mg of Magnesium, 4. 7mg Sodium. Water contains no calories. Calcium and Magnesium are not only good for bone health but act as electrolytes to help regulate fluid balance and neuromuscular function.Sodium needs replaced in modest amounts because a lack of sodium will cause muscle cramps, nausea and possible other affects. Eight ounces of a sports drink has 78 calories. Sports drinks contain 95mg of Sodium, 15g of sugar, 19g of carbohydrates, 40mg of potassium, 24mg of phosphorus and 2. 4mg of calcium. Keep in mind that most sports drinks are in a 20 ounce bottle so most people consume almost three times the amounts I mentioned above. Varieties Water comes in bottles or out of the tap. Bottled water types include.Spring water is a natural source of water that springs from below the surface of the earth; Purified water is water that has been treated to remove the bacteria and dissolved solids removed by some process Mineral water is water that contains no less than 250 parts per million total dissolved solids. No minerals may be added to the water. Artesian water â€Å"comes from a well that taps a confined aquifer-a water-bearing underground layer of rock or sand-in which the water level is above the top of the aquifer. † Well water is from an underground water source. (Nestle Waters North America Inc. Gatorade The G2 series is bottled Gatorade with only 20 calories per ounce. Original G comes in 19 flavors. G Powder is just that powder that can be mixed with water and comes in four flavors. 01 Prime is in a pouch to drink before exercise. 03 Recover is in a bottle to drink after exercise. G Series Natural Thirst Quenchers are the newest and they are the same as the original but they have cane sugar and don’t have high fructose corn syrup. Powerade Powerade offers the original drink and the Powerade Zero with no calories. The flavors are; Grape Orange Lemon Lime Sour MelonFruit Punch Mountain Berry Blast White Cherry Strawberry Lemo nade Cost Water for a water cooler from Ice Mountain will cost $31. 96 a month for five 5 gallon bottles of water. Buying water bottles to stock a vending machine cost will vary according to how much you buy. One pallet has 1,728 bottles and will cost $779. This will be 45? each. Gatorade bottles come in a case of 24 20 oz. bottles for $15. 68. This is 78? a bottle. (www. samsclub. com) Powerade comes in 24 20 oz. bottles of $12. 48. This is 62? a bottle. (www. samsclub. com) Advantages of consumption WaterWater hydrates your body without all the added sugars and salts that may contribute to high blood pressure and obesity. According to the Mayo Clinic, water protects the bodies’ organs and tissue; it helps prevent constipation and lubricates joints. Water helps flush waste from the kidneys and liver. It helps dissolve minerals and nutrients for the body to use and it carries the nutrients and oxygen to cells. ( Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER), 2011 ) Water is essential to keep focused and on task at work. It is the best way to work at a law office that demands so much time and attention to details.Water will help prevent headaches often associated with sugar and caffeine. Sports Drinks I would be to ones advantage to drink a sports drink to restore electrolytes that are seriously depleted. This means that it is ideal for an athlete, someone laboring in heat or a sick person losing body fluids. Both Gatorade and Powerade have low calorie options. Gatorade has G2 that is a 20 calorie per serving solution and Powerade Zero has no calories. If a person is in need to restore electrolytes that water is not able to do, I believe the G2 is the better drink.The smaller amount of calories would be needed to help quickly restore electrolytes. Safety Choosing water means not having to worry about whether or not it is safe to drink. Only one problem is caused by water, Hyponatremia. , Hyponatremia is only cause by over consumption of water and it flushes too much sodium out of the body. The condition is extremely rare and hard to do. Sports drinks on the other hand do cause a safety concern. With the rising epidemic of obesity and diabetes everyone should be concerned about sugar intake. Calories should be mostly derived from food and rarely in our beverage.The high level of sodium is a concern as well. Sodium in high levels will cause high blood pressure and hypertension. In an office situation the ingredients have no chance of being burned off by the body. If sports drinks are chosen in an office environment the best one to pick is Powerade Zero. The sodium is still too high in this drink but at least the calories have been eliminated. In Conclusion I highly recommend that this office choose water as the beverage of choice for your employees and partners. Water is the obvious choice to keep everyone feeling their best and keeping focused on the work at hand.Water is the best choice when considering the overall heal th of this office. Not only will sports drinks contribute to high sugar and sodium levels but is will ultimately lead to high insurance and health costs for this company. Water is the inexpensive solution. As shown in the cost comparison per bottle water is less expensive. Finally, think about the message you want to send to this office and to guests who visit this office. If you want to make the health conscience decision water is the only choice. For clients who walk in the door that you don’t know their specific health condition water is a beverage everyone can say â€Å"yes† to.

Vocabulary Booster German English

English Deutsch Erklarung UNIT 18 Beispiele Market leader Marktfuhrer someone or something that is winning during a race or other situation where people are competing A company’s sales expressed as a percentage of the total market Short-term tactics designed to stimulate stronger sales of a product The situation in which there is only one seller of a product; a market in a particular product in which a single producer can fix an artificial price. Companies offering similar goods or services to the same set of customers A short and easily memorized phrase used in advertising The division of a market into submarkets according to the needs or buying habits of different groups of potential customers A small and specific market segment; an area or position which is exactly suitable for a small group of the same type Microsoft is a world leader in software design. Market share Marktanteil Promotion, Warenangebot Monopol, Monopolstellung The company has increased its market share. Promotion There was a promotion in the supermarket and they were giving away free glasses of wine. The government is determined to protect its tobacco monopoly. Monopoly Competitors Konkurrenten Werbespruch, Motto, Slogan Marktsegmentierung, Marktunterteilung Nische Their prices are better than any of their competitors. an advertising slogan Slogan Market segmentation City Insurance segmented the market into three by issuing three types of policy. Niche an ecological niche. 1 Differential advantage Turnover Differentialvorteil, -vorzug Umsatz Rezession Perfekter Wettbewerb A factor which makes you superior to competitors in a certain respect A business’s total sales revenue A period during which an economy is working below its potential When products are homogeneous, and there are a great many firms too small to have any influence on the market price, and firms can easily enter and exit the industry Situation in which there is only one buyer Industry in which the efficient existence of more than one producer is impossible; examples include public utilities such as water, gas and electricity, where it would be inefficient to have several competing companies laying their own networks of pipes or cables. When many producers of slightly differentiated products are able to sell them at well above their marginal costs. A concentrated market dominated by a few large suppliers. This is very frequent in manufacturing because of economies of scale and the cost barriers of entering and industry Factors which cause the average cost of producing something to fall as output increases. Large supermarkets have high turnovers (= their goods sell very quickly). The country is sliding into the depths of (a) recession. The two companies are in competition with each other. Recession Perfect competition Monopsony Natural monopoly Monopson Naturliches Monopol Monopolistic competition Monopolistischer Wettbewerb Oligopoly Oligopol Economies of scale Massenproduktionsvorteile 2 Barriers to entry Zugangsbeschrankungen Economic or technical factors that make it difficult or impossible for firms to enter a market or compete with existing suppliers. One in which a market leader can indicate its preferred price to smaller competitors. Dominant-firm oligopoly Cartel Kartell Group of producers or sellers who fix prices and quantities in order to avoid competition and increase profits. This is illegal in many countries, most notably the USA an oil cartel 3 UNIT 19 Innovation Innovation, Neuerung Streuen, aufteilen Fusionieren, verschmelzen, Uberfall, Angriff Designing new products and bringing then to the market To expand into new fields To unite, combine, amalgamate, integrate or join together Buying another company’s shares on the stock exchange, hoping to persuade enough other shareholders to sell to take control of the company A public offer to a company’s shareholders to buy their shares, at a particular price during a particular period, so as to acquire a company To merge with or take over other firms producing the same type of goods or services Joining with firms in other stages of the production or sale of a product A merger with or the acquisition of one’s suppliers A merger with or the acquisition of one’s marketing outlets Combined production that is greater than the sum of the separate parts Team work at its best results in a synergy that can be very productive. The company made a takeover bid for a riva l firm. the latest innovations in computer technology To diversify Many wheat farmers have begun to diversify into other forms of agriculture. They decided to merge the two companies into one. To merge A raid Takeover bid Ubernahmeangebot Horizontal Horizontal, waagrecht Vertikal, senkrecht Rucklaufig, ruckwarts gerichtet Vorwarts, voraus Synergie Draw a horizontal line across the bottom of the page. vertical lines/stripes Vertical Backward Forward Synergy 4 UNIT 23 Printing money and destroying it Setting interest rates, ceilings & floors Commercial banking supervision Controlling the amount of banknotes in circulation Establishing maximum and minimum lending rates, thereby controlling the credit system Ensuring that banks have a sufficient liquidity ratio to allow customers to withdraw their deposits when they want Intervening on foreign exchange markets, buying or selling large amounts of the national currency, to prevent major fluctuations Lending money to a commercial bank in danger of going bankrupt Selling government bonds to commercial banks or buying them back, in order to alter the amount of credit the banks can offer (and thereby alter the money supply) Einkommensteuer Direkte Steuer (nach oben) gestaffelte Steuer Indirekte Steuer Mehrwertsteuer, Umsatzsteuer The tax people pay on their wages and salaries A tax on wages and salaries or on company profits A tax levied at a higher rate on higher incomes A tax paid on property, sales transactions, imports, and so on A tax collected at each stage of production, excluding the already-taxed costs from previous Exchange rates supervision Act as a lender of los resort Open market operations Income tax Direct tax Progressive tax Indirect tax Value-added tax 5 tages Capital gains tax Kapitalertragssteuer Erbschafts- und Schenkungssteuer Reichens teuer, Vermogenssteuer Steuerhinterziehung (legale) Steuervermeidung Abschreibung Abhaltung, negativer Anreiz rucklaufig Konsum, Verbrauch, Verzerr selbststandig Staatliche Sozialversicherung Leistungsanreiz, Vorteil Profits made by selling assets are generally liable to Gifts and inheritances over a certain value are often liable to The annual tax imposed on people’s fortunes (in some countries) Making false declarations to the tax authorities Reducing the amount of tax you pay to a legal minimum Reducing the value of a fixed asset, by charging it against profits Something which discourages an action An adjective describing a tax that is proportionally higher for people with less money Spending money to uy things, rather than saving it; Spending on goods and services Working for yourself, being your own boss A tax on incomes that pays for sickness benefit, unemployment benefit, and old-age pensions Non-financial benefits or advantages of a job A way to delay the payment of t ax to a later time Steuerlich absetzbar Describes expenditures that can be taken away Capital transfer tax Wealth tax Tax evasion Tax avoidance Depreciation Disincentive Regressive Consumption Self-employed National insurance Perks Tax shelters Tax-deductible 6 from taxable income or profits Tax havens Steueroasen A country offering very low tax rates to foreign businesses 7 UNIT 25 Expectations Mortgage Erwartungen, Aussichten Hypothek, Verpfanden Mieten, Pacht Output, Leistung Investition, Anlage Industrielle Jemanden entlassen, feuern demografisch Einschrankung Annahmen Ware, Handelsware Ausgleich, Gleichgewicht Beliefs about what will happen in the future Money borrowed in order to buy a house or flat or apartment Money paid for the use of a house or flat owned by somebody else The amount of something produced by a company, a country, and so on Spending on new machines, factories, and so on Owners or managers of manufacturing companies To dismiss employees Concerning the number of births, deaths, population movements, and so on An absence of luxury and comfort something that you accept as true without question or proof a substance or product that can be traded, bought or sold a state of balance People tend to make assumptions about you when you have a disability. The country's most valuable commodities include tin and diamonds. The disease destroys much of the inner-ear, disturbing the animal's equilibrium. Rent (Country’s) output Investment Industrialists Lay off Demographic Austerity Assumptions Commodity Equilibrium 8 Exchange Tauschen exogen Information Ressourcen, Mittel when you give something to someone and they give you something else They were given food and shelter in exchange for work. Exogenous Information facts about a situation, person, event, etc a useful or valuable possession or quality of a country, organization or person I read an interesting bit/piece of information in the newspaper. The country's greatest resource is the dedication of its workers. Resources 9 UNIT 27 Visible trade Invisible imports and exports Barter or countertrade Balance of trade Warenverkehr, sichtbarer Handel Inlandische Dienstleistung an Auslander, unsichtbarer Handel Tauschhandel Handelsbilanz Zahlungsbilanz Trade in goods Trade in services (banking, insurance, tourism, and so on) Direct exchanges of goods, without the use of money The difference between what a country receives and pays for its exports and imports of goods The difference between a country’s total earnings from exports and its total expenditure on imports The (impossible) situation in which a country is completely self-sufficient and has no foreign trade A positive balance of trade or payments A negative balance of trade or payments Selling goods abroad at (or below) cost price Imposing trade barriers in order to restrict imports Taxes charged on imports Quantitative limits on the import of particular products or commodities Balance of payments Autarky Autarkie, wirtschaftliche Unabhangigkeit Ubersch uss, Mehrbetrag Defizit, Verlust, Mangel Preisunterbietung Protektionismus, Schutzzollpolitik Tarife, Zolle Quoten Surplus Deficit Dumping Protectionism Tariffs Quotas 10 Infant industries Kleinkinderbranchen UNIT 29 Market opportunity Marktchance Menschen mit hohem Eigenkapital risikoscheu Borsennotiert, notiert Gebuhr, Entgelt, Honorar Eigenkapital Laufende Kosten, variable Kosten Marktdurchdringung Aufsichtsratsmitglied The possibility of providing a new product or service to satisfy particular needs People with a lot of money at their disposal Describes investors who do not want to take risks with their money Describes companies whose shares are traded on the stock exchange Money paid to professional people for a job of work done Another word for stocks or shares: a company’s own capital The day-to-day expenses of operating a business. The attempt to increase or maximize sales, and get a large number of customers Directors who do not work full time for a company, but advise it about strategic issues Individual consumers, households, companies, organizations, etc. Vorausschau Seeing what will happen in the future To do what you prefer to do, at the lowest High net worth individuals Risk averse Listed Fee Equity Running costs Market penetration Non-executive directors Economic agents Foresight To maximize utility 11 possible cost Expectations Erwartungen, Aussichten Existenzgrunder Wachsamkeit, Aufmerksamkeit Unwissenheit Bewusstsein What people think or anticipate will happen in the future A person who starts a business Being quick to see, understand or act in new situations Not knowing about something Knowing or being conscious of something Entrepreneur Alertness Ignorance Awareness 12